docs/bpf: Add constant values for linkages

Make the values of the symbolic constants that define the valid linkages
for functions and variables explicit.

Signed-off-by: Will Hawkins <hawkinsw@obs.cr>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20240911055033.2084881-1-hawkinsw@obs.cr