kbuild: rust: Define probing macros for rustc

Creates flag probe macro variants for `rustc`. These are helpful
because:

1. The kernel now supports a minimum `rustc` version rather than a
   single version.
2. `rustc` links against a range of LLVM revisions, occasionally even
   ones without an official release number. Since the availability of
   some Rust flags depends on which LLVM it has been linked against,
   probing is necessary.

Signed-off-by: Matthew Maurer <mmaurer@google.com>
Link: https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux/linux/pull/1087
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240820194910.187826-2-mmaurer@google.com


Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>